Tephritid fruit flies in Himachal Pradesh: diversity and management
Keywords:
Endosymbionts, host range, multivoltinism, population dynamics, seasonal abundance, TephritidaeAbstract
Fruit flies belong to family Tephritidae and are most devastating pests of agriculture causing extensive damage directly or indirectly. In Himachal Pradesh, tephritid fauna include several economically important species of fruit flies, which have their own economical impact on the production of fruits and vegetable. Management of fruit flies to minimize losses can be done effectively after understanding their host range, population dynamics and seasonal abundance. Effort has been made in the present manuscript to highlight the status of fruit flies in Himachal Pradesh, their host range, population dynamics, economic losses, new vistas of management, trade restrictions, as well as post-harvest losses. The dynamics of population fluctuations, seasonal abundance, and multivoltinism have also been discussed in brief to understand their influence on management strategies. Effective management practices especially the male annihilation technique (MAT) and the role of endosymbionts as potential future management options solutions has been discussed.
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